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Claochluithe tosaigh i ndiaidh réamhfhocal tabharthach

Initial mutations after dative prepositions

• Ainmfhocail dar tús guta

  Nouns beginning with a vowel

  • le, go

    Claochlú: Cuirtear h roimh an ghuta.

    Mutation: Prepend h to the vowel.

    áthas (gladness) > le háthas (with gladness)

    Ifreann (hell) > go hIfreann (to hell)

  • ag, ar, as, chuig, faoi, gan, idir, mar, ó, roimh, seachas, thar, trí, um, murach

    Gan chlaochlú.

    No mutation.

    ag Áras an Uachtaráin (at the Presidential Residence)
    chuig Aoife (to Aoife)
    litir ó Aoife (a letter to Aoife)

  • i

    Athraítear i go in. Gan chlaochlú ar an ainmfhocal.

    Change i to in. No mutation on the noun.

    in Éirinn (in Ireland)
    in ifreann (in hell)

  • de, do

    Cuirtear an réamhfhocal agus tús an ainmfhocail le chéile agus déantar d' díobh.

    Put the preposition and the beginning of the noun together and merge them into d'.

    Thug siad brontannas d'eagarthóir an nuachtáin (They gave a present to the newspaper editor)
    Bhain siad a chearta d'eagarthóir an nuachtáin (They rid the newspaper editor of his rights)

    (Tabhair faoi deara nach féidir bheith cinnte an de nó do atá i gceist in abairtí mar seo ach amháin ón chomhthéacs.)

    (Note that there is no way of knowing whether the preposition involved in phrases like these is de or do other than from the context.)

• Ainmfhocail dar tús consan

  Nouns beginning with a consonant

  • de, do

    • Roimh gach consan ach amháin f:

      Before any consonant except f:

      Claochlú: Séimhiú má thosaíonn an t-ainmfhocal ar chonsan ar féidir séimhiú a chur air.

      Mutation: Aspiration provided the noun begins with an aspirable consonant.

      Thug sé brontannas do Chiara (He gave a present to Ciara)
      Bhain sé a héadaí de Chiara (He took off Ciara's clothes)

    • Roimh f:

      Before f:

      Cuirtear an réamhfhocal agus tús an ainmfhocail le chéile agus déantar d'fh díobh.

      Put the preposition and the beginning of the noun together and merge them into d'fh.

      Thug siad brontannas d'fhear an tí (gave a present to the man of the house)
      Bhain siad a chearta d'fhear an tí (They rid the man of the house of his rights)

      (Tabhair faoi deara nach féidir bheith cinnte an de nó do atá i gceist in abairtí mar seo ach amháin ón chomhthéacs.)

      (Note that there is no way of knowing whether the preposition involved in phrases like these is de or do other than from the context.)

  • faoi, mar, ó, roimh, trí, um

    Claochlú: Séimhiú má thosaíonn an t-ainmfhocal le consan ar féidir séimhiú a chur air.

    Mutation: aspiration provided the noun begins with an aspirable consonant.

    bagairt (threat) > faoi bhagairt (under threat)
    ceannaire (a leader) > mar cheannaire (as a leader)
    tús (beginning) > ó thús go deireadh (from beginning to end)
    maidin (morning) > roimh mhaidin (before morning)
    coill (a wood) > trí choill (through a wood)
    tionscadal (project) > um thionscadal (about a project)

    Eisceacht: rud a thabhairt faoi deara (agus ní *faoi dheara), áirítear an nath seo mar fhoirm chailcthe.

    Exception: (to notice something), no mutation after faoi in this phrase which is treated as a pertified form.

  • ar

    Claochlú: Séimhiú.

    Mutation: aspiration.

    duine (person) > ar dhuine (on a person)

    Tá ócáidí ann, áfach, nuair nach gcuirtear séimhiú ar an ainmfhocal. Tarlaíonn sé sin sna cásanna seo a leanas.

    On certain occasions, however, no aspiration is affected on the noun. This usually happens in the following cases.

    • Má tá cúrsaí ama i gceist.

      If time is involved in the meaning.

      ar ball (immediately), ar maidin (in the morning)

    • Má tá staid nó coinníoll i gceist.

      If a state or condition is meant.

      ar ceall (cancelled), ar meisce (drunk), ar siúl (in progress), ar crith (shaking), ar conradh (on contract)

    • Má tá suíomh meafarach i gceist.

      If a metaphorical location is meant.

      ar muir (at sea), ar bord (aboard)

      (Bíonn suíomh meafarach i gceist nuair a úsáidtear suíomh fisiciúil mar "ghiorrúchán intinne" chun coincheap éigin neamhfhisiciúil a chur in iúl. Sampla: Ciallaíonn ar bhord go bhfuil duine nó rud "on a board" go fisiciúil, agus is meafar é ar bord a chiallaíonn go bhfuil duine tar éis eitleán nó long a bhordáil.)

      (A metapfhorical location occurs when physical location is used as a "mental shortcut" to express a non-physical concept. Example: The phrase ar bhord means that a person or a thing is "on a board", physically speaking, and ar bord is a metaphore of that meaning that a person has boarded a plane or a ship.)

  • thar

    Claochlú: séimhiú.

    Mutation: aspiration.

    cnoic (hills) > thar chnoic (over hills)
    triúr (three people) > thar thriúr (over three people, more than three people)
    moladh (praise) > Níl sé thar mholadh beirte ("It is not over three people's praise", i.e., not very good)

    Tá ócáidí ann, áfach, nuair nach gcuirtear séimhiú ar an ainmfhocal. Tarlaíonn sé seo má chomhlíonann an t-ainmfhocal gach ceann den dá choinníoll seo.

    On certain occasions, however, no aspiration is affected on the noun. This usually happens when the noun fulfills both the following conditions.

    • Tá ciall mheafarach leis an fhrása.

      The phrase has a metaphorical meaning.

    • Níl an t-ainmfhocal cáilithe ag aon aidiacht, ainmfhocal eile, uimhir nó aon rud eile.

      The noun is not qualified with an adjective, another noun, number, or anything else.

    sáile (sea) > thar sáile (overseas)
    fóir (boundary) > thar fóir (overboard, exeggerated, "OTT")

  • ag, as, chuig, le, go, seachas

    Gan chlaochlú.

    No mutation.

    ag pointe at a point
    as cuimse out of bounds
    chuig cóisir to a party
    le daoine with people
    go Baile Átha Cliath to Dublin
    seachas Corcaigh except Cork

  • i

    Claochlú: Urú má thosaíonn an t-ainmfhocal le consan ar féidir urú a chur air.

    Mutation: Eclipsis provided the noun begins with an ecliptable consonant.

    i dtrioblóid in trouble

  • gan

    Claochlú: séimhiú, ach amháin i gcásanna áirithe (féach thíos).

    Mutation: aspiration, except in certain cases (see below).

    gan phingin without a penny
    gan chead without permission
    gan mhúineadh without manners

    Ní chuirtear séimhiú ar an túschonsan sna cásanna seo a leanas:

    The initial consonant is not aspirated in the following cases:

    • Is t, d, s nó f an túschonsan:

      The intial consonant is t, d, s or f:

      gan tuairisc without a report
      gan dáta without a date
      gan sos without a break
      gan fadhb without a problem

    • Tá an t-ainmfhocal cáilithe ag rud éigin, aidiacht nó ainmfhocal eile de ghnáth:

      The noun is qualified by something, such as an adjective or another noun:

      gan pingin rua without a red penny
      gan cead rochtana without an access permission

    • Leanann fochlásal ("mionabairt") an réamhfhocal:

      The preposition is followed by a subclause (a "mini-sentence"):

      gan cead a fháil without obtaining a permit
      gan corraí as an áit without moving from the place

    • Más ainm dílis é an t-ainmfhocaL a leanann:

      If the nounn that follows is a proper noun:

      gan Michéal without Micheál
      gan Bairbre without Bairbre

  • idir

    • Má leanann focal amháin an réamhfhocal: gan chlaochlú.

      If the preposition is followed by a single word: no mutation.

      idir tithe between houses
      idir beirt between two people

    • Má leanann dhá fhocal nó breis an réamhfhocal:

      If the preposition is followed by two or more words:

      • Má chiallaíonn an réamhfhocal both an Bhéarla: séimhiú ar an dá ainmfhocal.

        If the preposition means both: aspiration on both nouns

        idir chailíní agus bhuachaillí both girls and boys
        idir mhaith agus dhona both good and bad

      • Má chiallaíonn an réamhfhocal between an Bhéarla: gan chlaochlú.

        If the preposition means between: no mutation.

        idir Baile Átha Cliath agus Doire between Dublin and Derry
        idir meán oíche agus a dó a chlog between midnight and two o'clock

Michal Boleslav Měchura
valselob@hotmail.com