Claochluithe tosaigh i ndiaidh réamhfhocail tabharthaigh agus an ailt
Initial mutations after a dative preposition and the article
Braitheann an claochlú tosaigh ar an réamhfhocal agus ar thúslitir an ainmfhocail.
The initial mutation depends on the preposition and on the noun's intial letter.
Rabhadh
Warning
Sí úsáid na gclaochluithe i ndiaidh réamhfhocal an rud is lú caighdeánú sa teanga. Tá éagsúlachtaí móra idir na canúintí anseo: san áit a n-úsáideann canúint amháin an t-urú, úsáideann canúint eile an séimhiú, agus mar sin de. Mínítear sa téacs seo an dá chóras is mó aitheanta: córas Chúige Uladh agus an córas "deisceartach". Tá múnlaí difriúla in úsáid ar fud na tíre freisin.
The use of mutations after prepositions is probably the least standardized aspect of Irish. There are great differences between the dialects here: where one dialect uses eclipsis another uses aspiration, and so on. This text is a description of the two most common systems: the Ulster system and the "Southern" system. Different patterns are in use in other regions too.
(le + an = leis an, ó + an = ón, trí + an = tríd an, do + an = don, de + an = den, i + an = sa)
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Gach ainmfhocal seachas ainmfhocail dar tús s-
All nouns except those beginning with s-
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ag, ar, as, chuig, faoin, roimh, thar, le, ó, trí
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I gCúige Uladh:
In Ulster:
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Séimhiú ar m-, b-, c-, g-, p-, f-
Aspiration on m-, b-, c-, g-, p-, f-
ag an mhadra (at the dog), faoin mhála (under the bag), ag an bhalla (at the wall), ón chrann (from the tree), leis an ghrúpa (with the group), tríd an pholl (through the hole)
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Gan chlaochlú ar d-, t-, l-, n-, r- agus gutaí
No mutation on d-, t-, l-, n-, r- and vowels
as an tollán (from the tunnel), tríd an doras (through the door), leis an namhaid (with the enemy), ón lacha (from the duck), leis an uisce (with the water), ón abairt (from the sentence)
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Taobh amuigh de Chúige Uladh:
Outside Ulster:
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Urú ar b-, c-, g-, p-, f-
Eclipsis on b-, c-, g-, p-, f-
ag an mballa (at the wall), ón gcrann (from the tree), leis an ngrúpa (with the group), tríd an bpoll (through the hole)
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Gan chlaochlú ar m-, d-, t-, l-, n-, r- agus gutaí
No mutation on m-, d-, t-, l-, n-, r- and vowels
ag an madra (at the dog), faoin mála (under the bag), as an tollán (from the tunnel), tríd an doras (through the door), leis an namhaid (with the enemy), ón lacha (from the duck), leis an uisce (with the water), ón abairt (from the sentence)
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do, de, i
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Séimhú ar m-, b-, c-, g-, p-, f-
Aspiration on m-, b-, c-, g-, p-, f-
don mhadra (to the dog), den mhadra (off the dog), sa mhála (in the bag), don ghrúpa (to the group), don fharraige (to the sea), den fhuinneog (of the window), den bhalla (off the wall), sa chiste (in the fund), sa phóca (in the pocket)
Tabhair faoi deara go n-athraítear sa go san roimh fhocail a thosaíonn ar f-.
Note that sa must be changed to san before nouns that begin with f-.
san fharraige (in the sea), san fhuinneog (in the window)
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Gan chlaochlú ar d-, t-, l-, n-, r- agus gutaí
No mutation on d-, t-, l-, n-, r- and vowels
don namhaid (for the enemy), den lacha (off the duck), den doras (off the door), don doras (to the door), sa loch (in the lake), sa Rúis (in Russia), don uisce (for the water), den abairt (off the sentence),
Tabhair faoi deara go n-athraítear sa go san roimh fhocail a thosaíonn ar ghuta.
Note that sa must be changed to san before nouns that begin with a vowel.
san uisce (in the water), san abairt (in the sentence)
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Ainmfhocail dar tús s-
Nouns beginning with s-
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Taobh amuigh de Chúige Uladh, agus sa scríobhneoireacht fhoirmeálta i gCúige Uladh:
Outside Ulster, and formal usage in Ulster:
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Ainmfhocail fhirinscneacha
Masculine nouns
Gan chlaochlú.
No mutation.
ag an séipéal (at the chapel), roimh an samhradh (before the summer), ón sclábhaí (from the slave), thar an spealadóir (over the scytheman)
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Ainmfhocail bhaninscneacha
Feminine nouns
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Cuirtear t roimh ainmfhocail dar tús sl-, sn-, sr- agus s + guta
Prefix t to nouns beginning with sl-, sn-, sr- and s + vowel
leis an tseanbhean (with the old woman), ar an tsrón (on the nose), roimh an tseanmóir (before the sermon)
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Gan chlaochlú ar ainmfhocail dar tús s + aon chonsan eile
No mutation on nouns beginning with s + any other consonant
ón scoil (from the school), roimh an stailc (before the strike)
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Sa ghnáthchaint i gCúige Uladh:
Popular usage in in Ulster:
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Cuirtear t roimh ainmfhocail dar tús sl-, sn-, sr- agus s + guta
Prefix t to nouns beginning with sl-, sn-, sr- and s + vowel
leis an tseanbhean (with the old woman), ar an tsrón (on the nose), roimh an tseanmóir (before the sermon), ag an tséipéal (at the chapel), roimh an tsamhradh (before the summer)
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Gan chlaochlú ar ainmfhocail dar tús s + aon chonsan eile
No mutation on nouns beginning with s + any other consonant
ón scoil (from the school), roimh an stailc (before the strike), ón sclábhaí (from the slave), thar an spealadóir (over the scytheman)
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Michal Boleslav Měchura
valselob@hotmail.com